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Contributors
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- By Jane E. Adcock, Yahya Aghakhani, A. Anand, Eva Andermann, Frederick Andermann, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Sandrine Aubert, Nadia Bahi-Buisson, Carman Barba, Agatino Battaglia, Geneviève Bernard, Nadir E. Bharucha, Laurence A. Bindoff, William Bingaman, Francesca Bisulli, Thomas P. Bleck, Stewart G. Boyd, Andreas Brunklaus, Harry Bulstrode, Jorge G. Burneo, Laura Canafoglia, Laura Cantonetti, Roberto H. Caraballo, Fernando Cendes, Kevin E. Chapman, Patrick Chauvel, Richard F. M. Chin, H. T. Chong, Fahmida A. Chowdhury, Catherine J. Chu-Shore, Rolando Cimaz, Andrew J. Cole, Bernard Dan, Geoffrey Dean, Alessio De Ciantis, Fernando De Paolis, Rolando F. Del Maestro, Irissa M. Devine, Carlo Di Bonaventura, Concezio Di Rocco, Henry B. Dinsdale, Maria Alice Donati, François Dubeau, Michael Duchowny, Olivier Dulac, Monika Eisermann, Brent Elliott, Bernt A. Engelsen, Kevin Farrell, Natalio Fejerman, Rosalie E. Ferner, Silvana Franceschetti, Robert Friedlander, Antonio Gambardella, Hector H. Garcia, Serena Gasperini, Lorenzo Genitori, Gioia Gioi, Flavio Giordano, Leif Gjerstad, Daniel G. Glaze, Howard P. Goodkin, Sidney M. Gospe, Andrea Grassi, William P. Gray, Renzo Guerrini, Marie-Christine Guiot, William Harkness, Andrew G. Herzog, Linda Huh, Margaret J. Jackson, Thomas S. Jacques, Anna C. Jansen, Sigmund Jenssen, Michael R. Johnson, Dorothy Jones-Davis, Reetta Kälviäinen, Peter W. Kaplan, John F. Kerrigan, Autumn Marie Klein, Matthias Koepp, Edwin H. Kolodny, Kandan Kulandaivel, Ruben I. Kuzniecky, Ahmed Lary, Yolanda Lau, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki, Maria K. Lehtinen, Holger Lerche, Michael P. T. Lunn, Snezana Maljevic, Mark R. Manford, Carla Marini, Bindu Menon, Giulia Milioli, Eli M. Mizrahi, Manish Modi, Márcia Elisabete Morita, Manuel Murie-Fernandez, Vivek Nambiar, Lina Nashef, Vincent Navarro, Aidan Neligan, Ruth E. Nemire, Charles R. J. C. Newton, John O'Donavan, Hirokazu Oguni, Teiichi Onuma, Andre Palmini, Eleni Panagiotakaki, Pasquale Parisi, Elena Parrini, Liborio Parrino, Ignacio Pascual-Castroviejo, M. Scott Perry, Perrine Plouin, Charles E. Polkey, Suresh S. Pujar, Karthik Rajasekaran, R. Eugene Ramsey, Rahul Rathakrishnan, Roberta H. Raven, Guy M. Rémillard, David Rosenblatt, M. Elizabeth Ross, Abdulrahman Sabbagh, P. Satishchandra, Swati Sathe, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Rod C. Scott, Frédéric Sedel, Michelle J. Shapiro, Elliott H. Sherr, Michael Shevell, Simon D. Shorvon, Adrian M. Siegel, Gagandeep Singh, S. Sinha, Barbara Spacca, Waney Squier, Carl E. Stafstrom, Bernhard J. Steinhoff, Andrea Taddio, Gianpiero Tamburrini, C. T. Tan, Raymond Y. L. Tan, Erik Taubøll, Robert W. Teasell, Mario Giovanni Terzano, Federica Teutonico, Suzanne A. Tharin, Elizabeth A. Thiele, Pierre Thomas, Paolo Tinuper, Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, Sumeet Vadera, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Jean-Pierre Vignal, J. M. Walshe, Elizabeth J. Waterhouse, David Watkins, Ruth E. Williams, Yue-Hua Zhang, Benjamin Zifkin, Sameer M. Zuberi
- Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
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- Book:
- The Causes of Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2011, pp ix-xvi
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Chapter 8 - Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy
- from Section 2 - Idiopathic epilepsy
- Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
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- Book:
- The Causes of Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2011, pp 70-73
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Summary
The evolution of theories of etiology in epilepsy makes an interesting study at many levels: some theories reflect social and philosophical attitude; some, have proved totally erroneous and now even appear ridiculous; and others show scientific insight now lost and worth reappraisal. This chapter outlines the theories of etiology for the 100 years since the time of John Hughlings Jackson, whose writing has often been said to announce the dawn of modern epileptology. The focus on theories of causation of epilepsy was not on organic brain diseases, but on predisposing and exciting factors, on Jackson's emphasis on mechanisms, and on theories of inheritance, degeneration, reflex epilepsy, and auto-intoxication. The chapter talks about the works of J. Russell Reynolds, William Gowers, Cesare Lombroso, William Aldren Turner, and ends with a discussion on William Lennox, and the then current theories of etiology. Lennox reconciled his eugenic sympathies with his clinical work.
7 - Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy
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- By Paolo Tinuper, Institute of Clinic al Neurology, University of Bologna, Italy, Elio Lugaresi, Institute of Clinic al Neurology, University of Bologna, Italy, Federico Vigevano, Section of Neurophysiology, Bambino Ges Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy, Samuel F. Berkovic, Department of Neurology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, University of Melbourne, Vic toria, Australia
- Edited by Renzo Guerrini, University of London, Jean Aicardi, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, Frederick Andermann, Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, Mark Hallett, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore
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- Book:
- Epilepsy and Movement Disorders
- Published online:
- 03 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 December 2001, pp 97-110
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Summary
Introduction
Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurring seizures. In most epileptic syndromes spontaneous seizures are random, i.e they occur independently from the patient's state of arousal. However, the role of the sleep state, and particularly different stages of sleep, in facilitating ictal or interictal discharges, has been the object of several studies and recent reviews (Shouse et al., 1997a, b).
The synchronized EEG activity and preserved muscular tone characterizing the early stage of sleep facilitate the propagation of interictal discharges and seizure onset, whereas inhibited muscular tone and desynchronized EEG activity prevent seizure onset during Rem sleep. Moreover, thalamocortical drive evoking physiological sleep transients (K-complexes and spindles activity) and burst-pause firing in cortical neurons during NRem sleep may facilitate the spread of bisynchronous discharges in generalized epilepsies.
The most common epileptic situations related to sleep include some forms of idiopathic generalized epilepsies such as epilepsy with grand mal (GTC) on awakening and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in which myoclonic jerks or generalized convulsion appear typically after awakening and are provoked by sleep deprivation. Sleep is a strong seizure trigger in benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECT) a form of idiopathic (with age-related onset) localization-related epilepsies, in which partial motor seizures occur in sleep in 70–80% of cases and interictal spikes appear only during sleep in about 30% of patients.
Other very rare conditions in which sleep plays a fundamental role in the pathogenetic epileptic process are the Landau–Kleffer syndrome (LKS) and the situation named continuous spikes and waves during sleep (CSWS).